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Saturday, February 4, 2012
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Friday, February 3, 2012
Newfound Alien Planet is Best Candidate Yet to Support Life, Scientists Say
A potentially habitable alien planet ? one that scientists say is the best candidate yet to harbor water, and possibly even life, on its surface ? has been found around a nearby star.
The planet is located in the habitable zone of its host star, which is a narrow circumstellar region where temperatures are neither too hot nor too cold for liquid water to exist on the planet's surface.
"It's the Holy Grail of exoplanet research to find a planet around a star orbiting at the right distance so it's not too close where it would lose all its water and boil away, and not too far where it would all freeze," Steven Vogt, an astronomer at the University of California, Santa Cruz, told SPACE.com. "It's right smack in the habitable zone ? there's no question or discussion about it. It's not on the edge, it's right in there."
Vogt is one of the authors of the new study, which was led by Guillem Anglada-Escud? and Paul Butler of the Carnegie Institution for Science, a private, nonprofit research organization based in Washington, D.C.
"This planet is the new best candidate to support liquid water and, perhaps, life as we know it," Anglada-Escud? said in a statement.
An alien super-Earth
The researchers estimate that the planet, called GJ 667Cc, is at least 4.5 times as massive as Earth, which makes it a so-called super-Earth. It takes roughly 28 days to make one orbital lap around its parent star, which is located a mere 22 light-years away from Earth, in the constellation Scorpius (the Scorpion).
"This is basically our next-door neighbor," Vogt said. "It's very nearby. There are only about 100 stars closer to us than this one."
Interestingly enough, the host star, GJ 667C, is a member of a triple-star system. GJ 667C is an M-class dwarf star that is about a third of the mass of the sun, and while it is faint, it can be seen by ground-based telescopes, Vogt said. [Gallery: The Strangest Alien Planets]
"The planet is around one star in a triple-star system," Vogt explained. "The other stars are pretty far away, but they would look pretty nice in the sky."
The discovery of a planet around GJ 667C came as a surprise to the astronomers, because the entire star system has a different chemical makeup than our sun. The system has much lower abundances of heavy elements (elements heavier than hydrogen and helium), such as iron, carbon and silicon.
"It's pretty deficient in metals," Vogt said. "These are the materials out of which planets form ? the grains of stuff that coalesce to eventually make up planets ? so we shouldn't have really expected this star to be a likely case for harboring planets."
The fortuitous discovery could mean that potentially habitable alien worlds could exist in a greater variety of environments than was previously thought possible, the researchers said.
"Statistics tell us we shouldn't have found something this quickly this soon unless there's a lot of them out there," Vogt said. "This tells us there must be an awful lot of these planets out there. It was almost too easy to find, and it happened too quickly."
The detailed findings of the study will be published in the Astrophysical Journal Letters.
Source: http://rss.sciam.com/click.phdo?i=0e579251601d0d226b82c53021477fca
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Where is Travel Insurance Applicable | Business Travel Tours
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Thursday, February 2, 2012
Scientists decode brain waves to eavesdrop on what we hear
ScienceDaily (Jan. 31, 2012) ? Neuroscientists may one day be able to hear the imagined speech of a patient unable to speak due to stroke or paralysis, according to University of California, Berkeley, researchers.
These scientists have succeeded in decoding electrical activity in the brain's temporal lobe -- the seat of the auditory system -- as a person listens to normal conversation. Based on this correlation between sound and brain activity, they then were able to predict the words the person had heard solely from the temporal lobe activity.
"This research is based on sounds a person actually hears, but to use it for reconstructing imagined conversations, these principles would have to apply to someone's internal verbalizations," cautioned first author Brian N. Pasley, a post-doctoral researcher in the center. "There is some evidence that hearing the sound and imagining the sound activate similar areas of the brain. If you can understand the relationship well enough between the brain recordings and sound, you could either synthesize the actual sound a person is thinking, or just write out the words with a type of interface device."
"This is huge for patients who have damage to their speech mechanisms because of a stroke or Lou Gehrig's disease and can't speak," said co-author Robert Knight, a UC Berkeley professor of psychology and neuroscience. "If you could eventually reconstruct imagined conversations from brain activity, thousands of people could benefit."
In addition to the potential for expanding the communication ability of the severely disabled, he noted, the research also "is telling us a lot about how the brain in normal people represents and processes speech sounds."
Pasley and his colleagues at UC Berkeley, UC San Francisco, University of Maryland and The Johns Hopkins University report their findings Jan. 31 in the open-access journal PLoS Biology.
Help from epilepsy patients
They enlisted the help of people undergoing brain surgery to determine the location of intractable seizures so that the area can be removed in a second surgery. Neurosurgeons typically cut a hole in the skull and safely place electrodes on the brain surface or cortex -- in this case, up to 256 electrodes covering the temporal lobe -- to record activity over a period of a week to pinpoint the seizures. For this study, 15 neurosurgical patients volunteered to participate.
Pasley visited each person in the hospital to record the brain activity detected by the electrodes as they heard 5-10 minutes of conversation. Pasley used this data to reconstruct and play back the sounds the patients heard. He was able to do this because there is evidence that the brain breaks down sound into its component acoustic frequencies -- for example, between a low of about 1 Hertz (cycles per second) to a high of about 8,000 Hertz -that are important for speech sounds.
Pasley tested two different computational models to match spoken sounds to the pattern of activity in the electrodes. The patients then heard a single word, and Pasley used the models to predict the word based on electrode recordings.
"We are looking at which cortical sites are increasing activity at particular acoustic frequencies, and from that, we map back to the sound," Pasley said. He compared the technique to a pianist who knows the sounds of the keys so well that she can look at the keys another pianist is playing in a sound-proof room and "hear" the music, much as Ludwig van Beethoven was able to "hear" his compositions despite being deaf.
The better of the two methods was able to reproduce a sound close enough to the original word for Pasley and his fellow researchers to correctly guess the word.
"We think we would be more accurate with an hour of listening and recording and then repeating the word many times," Pasley said. But because any realistic device would need to accurately identify words heard the first time, he decided to test the models using only a single trial.
"This research is a major step toward understanding what features of speech are represented in the human brain" Knight said. "Brian's analysis can reproduce the sound the patient heard, and you can actually recognize the word, although not at a perfect level."
Knight predicts that this success can be extended to imagined, internal verbalizations, because scientific studies have shown that when people are asked to imagine speaking a word, similar brain regions are activated as when the person actually utters the word.
"With neuroprosthetics, people have shown that it's possible to control movement with brain activity," Knight said. "But that work, while not easy, is relatively simple compared to reconstructing language. This experiment takes that earlier work to a whole new level."
Based on earlier work with ferrets
The current research builds on work by other researchers about how animals encode sounds in the brain's auditory cortex. In fact, some researchers, including the study's coauthors at the University of Maryland, have been able to guess the words ferrets were read by scientists based on recordings from the brain, even though the ferrets were unable to understand the words.
The ultimate goal of the UC Berkeley study was to explore how the human brain encodes speech and determine which aspects of speech are most important for understanding.
"At some point, the brain has to extract away all that auditory information and just map it onto a word, since we can understand speech and words regardless of how they sound," Pasley said. "The big question is, What is the most meaningful unit of speech? A syllable, a phone, a phoneme? We can test these hypotheses using the data we get from these recordings."
Coauthors of the study are electrical engineers Stephen V. David, Nima Mesgarani and Shihab A. Shamma of the University of Maryland; Adeen Flinker of UC Berkeley's Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute; and neurologist Nathan E. Crone of The Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Md. The work was done principally in the labs of Robert Knight at UC Berkeley and Edward Chang, a neurosurgeon at UCSF.
Chang and Knight are members of the Center for Neural Engineering and Prostheses, a joint UC Berkeley/UCSF group focused on using brain activity to develop neural prostheses for motor and speech disorders in disabling neurological disorders.
The work is supported by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke of the National Institutes of Health and the Humboldt Foundation.
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The above story is reprinted from materials provided by University of California - Berkeley. The original article was written by Robert Sanders.
Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.
Journal Reference:
- Brian N. Pasley, Stephen V. David, Nima Mesgarani, Adeen Flinker, Shihab A. Shamma, Nathan E. Crone, Robert T. Knight, Edward F. Chang. Reconstructing Speech from Human Auditory Cortex. PLoS Biology, 2012; 10 (1): e1001251 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001251
Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.
Disclaimer: This article is not intended to provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Views expressed here do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.
Source: http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/01/120131175158.htm
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'Soul Train' Creator Don Cornelius Dies at 75
The longtime host of the dance show died of a self-inflicted gunshot wound. See more celebs who have left their legacy behind them
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Wednesday, February 1, 2012
Giants D-line a key vs Brady in Super Bowl
New York Giants defensive end Justin Tuck takes a picture during Media Day for NFL football's Super Bowl XLVI Tuesday, Jan. 31, 2012, in Indianapolis. (AP Photo/Mark Humphrey)
New York Giants defensive end Justin Tuck takes a picture during Media Day for NFL football's Super Bowl XLVI Tuesday, Jan. 31, 2012, in Indianapolis. (AP Photo/Mark Humphrey)
New York Giants wide receiver Victor Cruz smiles during Media Day for NFL football's Super Bowl XLVI Tuesday, Jan. 31, 2012, in Indianapolis. (AP Photo/Michael Conroy)
New York Giants defensive end Osi Umenyiora reacts during Media Day for NFL football's Super Bowl XLVI Tuesday, Jan. 31, 2012, in Indianapolis. (AP Photo/David J. Phillip)
INDIANAPOLIS (AP) ? The Giants defense will do everything it can to pressure Tom Brady, and the way the front four has been playing lately it's more a matter of what happens when the pass rush closes in on the Patriots quarterback.
"I think it starts with hitting him, even when you don't actually get sacks, just keeping people around him so he can't step up," defensive end Justin Tuck said Tuesday at media day. "I think he gets a little frustrated when he has to go to his second or third receivers. You can kind of confuse him sometimes with our coverage. I think there are a lot of things that can get him rattled, but it just seems like not too many people are able to do that."
The Giants have the people to make it happen in Sunday's Super Bowl. In beating the Patriots four years ago in the NFL title game, the Giants sacked Brady five times, hit him nine other times and forced a fumble in their 17-14 upset.
In turning around their season with a five-game winning streak to make it to Indianapolis, the Giants (12-7) have allowed a total of 67 points, 13.4 per game, and produced 20 sacks with no opposing quarterback throwing for more than 251 yards ? including Aaron Rodgers of the Packers.
"To be honest, I think our confidence is very high," said second-year defensive end Jason Pierre-Paul, who led the Giants with 16? sacks in the regular season. "We know what we have to do and what's at stake. This is our last game, and we're in the Super Bowl. We have to go out and give it our all."
In their 24-20 win over the Patriots in early November, the Giants sacked Brady twice and had two interceptions. One sack led to a fumble recovery that set up a score.
"We did some things that disrupted his timing," defensive coordinator Perry Fewell said. "We caused him to stay jittery in the pocket. Hopefully we can do that again."
A lot of changed since that game. Tuck was playing hurt at the time. Osi Umenyiora was still not healthy after missing the start of the season with a knee injury and the defense was still giving up too many big plays.
Now, everyone on the defense is healthy. The secondary is covering receivers and the line has finally meshed and is playing its best.
Umenyiora has no doubt the Giants will get to Brady.
"They're going to definitely do some things to keep us off of him, max protections, short throws, quick throws, but they can only do that for so long," Umenyiora said. "Whenever we have opportunities where he does hold the ball, we're going to have to get to the quarterback."
Center Dan Connolly said the Patriots need to keep Brady upright.
"Keeping him from being hit is our No. 1 goal," Connolly said. "If he can stand back there and do his job, we'll be OK."
Seven-time Pro Bowl defensive lineman and current NFL Network analyst Warren Sapp says the Patriots better establish a running game if Brady is to be successful.
"There is no way they can drop Tom Brady back 40 times and expose him to this rush," Sapp said. "Whoever controls the line of scrimmage wins this ballgame. It's always that simple. If New England can get a run game going, we have a ballgame, If they expose him to the rush when it's third-and-6, third-and-7 and third-and-8, look out. You can't let a defensive lineman pin your ears back."
And once the Giants' line starts getting to the quarterback, it's contagious.
"You know, the adrenaline is pumping," Pierre-Paul said. "You just have to get there, and like a dunk, you've just got to dunk the ball. Once you do it, you just want another one. Like a sack, once you get one sack, you just want more. The guys on my front line, if Osi gets a sack, I want two sacks, because if I get two sacks, Justin Tuck is going to want three sacks."
That's what happened in 2008 when a few of the names were different, with the obvious absence being Michael Strahan.
"This game will not be won off what we did in '07 or what we did earlier this year," Tuck said. "I hope we don't fall into that trap of believing that because that team has won 10 straight. They are playing, I think, better football ? team football ? than they played in '07. But, I think we are playing better team football than we played in '07. It's going to be a fun matchup. It's going to be a fun atmosphere, and I am looking forward to it."
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